Accepting vulnerability

I just published the paper entitled “Accepting Vulnerability: Towards a Mindful Sport Philosophy” in Journal of Applied Sport Sciences.

In the paper I argue that wisdom does not emerge from abstract thinking; instead, it requires that we become attentive to what is concrete: our everyday life and how we spend it. Do we spend our life wisely or not? Answering this question requires that we know ourselves sufficiently — that is to say, have we explored and examined our own life by paying attention to it while we are living it? 

To exemplify this philosophical approach, I refer to examples from modern football coaching that illustrate how they play themselves and their team into certain thoughts, not the other way around. More specifically, I refer to the Danish national football coach Kasper Hjulmand and Jurgen Klopp, the Head coach of Liverpool Football Club.

FIFA and the Refusal of Moral Progress

It has become obvious that something is rotten in the internal governing body of football (soccer), the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Qatar is the evidence.

If FIFA wishes to achieve new goals or pursue a vision for a better future, then it needs a leader. Or different leaders. Leadership is often described as “doing the right thing.” Knowing what is the right thing to do and how to defend this position, for example, by arguing why it is right, makes a leader ethical.

It might be too late for FIFA due to the growing number of scandals. However, if it manages to regain some sort of confidence from its stakeholders—fans, sponsors, players, and the public—it needs ethical and responsible leadership.

For more than ten years, the nomination of Qatar as host of the World Cup has been infected by a growing list of ethical problems. To mention just the two most prominent ones: the numerous deaths of migrant workers, who built the stadiums, and the denial of basic human rights for LGBT people and women.

During the past two years, public protest has escalated as many journalists have created exemplary investigative and critical journalism about FIFA and Qatar.

Still, FIFA has refused to take responsibility. This became obvious when the current president of FIFA, Gianni Infantino, gave his opening speech the day before the tournament started. Infantino showed that FIFA does not want to change because it does not care about people’s lives and human rights.

In his opening speech, Infantino presented a mixture of moral subjectivism and cultural relativism. He exhibited moral subjectivism when he reduced ethics to his opinions and emotions, claiming that he “feels like” a migrant worker, a gay person, an Arab, etc. He showed cultural relativism when he claimed that Europeans should not criticize other countries due to their history. Instead, he suggested that Europeans must respect Qatari culture, and since Qatar sees homosexuality as deviant and women as inferior, Europeans must simply accept this. Therefore, Infantino and FIFA believe that human beings cannot and should not achieve moral progress. The fact that homosexuality is accepted and legal and that gender equality is being strived for in Europe (and elsewhere) should not be seen as better than the situation in Qatar, according to Infantino.

If FIFA had studied ethics—perhaps read Carol Galligan´s work on care ethics, which encourages us to view what happens around us from a place of empathy, or Aristotle´s virtue ethics, according to which you perform certain actions because they are good—would things have been different with the 2022 World Cup? I believe so. This is why leadership and ethical studies are strongly needed in the world of sport—because there is only one world.

Unfortunately, FIFA’s charade has not ended. The Belgium team has been told to remove the word “love” from the collar of their t-shirts, and several teams have been told that their captains cannot wear the “One Love” armband. If they do, they will receive a yellow card.

FIFA is taking politics and sports to a new level. Sadly, it is the lowest one ever.

First published in The Sport Digest

Finn Janning, PhD, is a philosopher who teaches in Sport Ethics, Sport Psychology and Sport Coaching.

Jeg skal se fodbold

At slukke for mit fjernsyn er ikke en etisk handling, blot ren og skær symbolisme.

​Skal du se VM​ i herrefodbold i Qatar? Sådan spørger mange hinanden for tiden. Hele beslutningsprocessen og sagen vedrørende afholdelsen af VM i Qatar er etisk interessant.

For det første på grund af dødelige arbejdsforhold for immigranter, overtrædelse af basale menneskerettigheder og almindelig korruption. Problemerne, der har været der længe.

For det andet på grund af konteksten fodbold, der er den mest populære sportsgren, hvilket nemt bringer følelser og interesser i kog. Fodbolden er en oplagt arena for at promovere ens egen moralske overlegenhed, men også en arena, hvor det bliver tydeligt, at der kan være langt mellem ord og handling. Fairplay og respekt er værdier, som sporten ofte pryder sig selv med, men sjældent rækker de længere end håndtrykket før og efter kampen.

Dødelige arbejdsforhold, overtrædelse af menneskerettigheder og korruption er ikke noget unikt, der kun forekommer i fodboldens verden og i Qatar. Er vores etiske holdninger interessestyrede? Er vi kun etiske, når andre– helst mange – kan se, hvor korrekte og moralsk gode vi er?

For det tredje er der alle de smukke antagelser, der bevæger sig fra forestillingen om at en flok festende, halvfulde fodboldfans, vil ændre kulturen i Qatar. Det minder om den hvide mands byrde. Henover en forundring over, hvorfor vesten altid tror, at andre lande ønsker at blive som dem. Eller, hvorvidt nogle reelt tror, at Qatar overhovedet er interesseret i at ændre sin etiske kultur og værdigrundlag.

For det fjerde er der opblomstret en moralsk pragmatisme, idet mange vælger at se fodbold, men med et såkaldte forbehold. Hvad forbeholdet eller forbeholdene er, og hvordan de kan fremme en moralsk dannelse, er uvist. Måske undlader folk at juble, hvis deres hold vinder?

​For det femte​ vidner debatten om et generelt strukturelt problem i samfundet. Det er nemt og attraktivt at dømme andres moralske skavanker, så længe det ikke kræver en ændring af ens adfærd. De fans, der har besluttet ikke at ville se fodbold, vil sandsynligvis – ganske belejligt – ændre standpunkt, hvis deres nation kommer i finalen. Eller se en kamp i smug, hvis ingen andre ser det. Bliver verden bedre af, at Paris og andre storbyer ikke sætter storskærm op? Bliver den bedre af at Hummel kamuflerer deres logo (eller modtager de billige point, der kan sælge flere dyre trøjer)?

Meget af protesten mod VM i Qatar minder om fordømmelsen af Amazon og andre populære virksomheder og deres miserable behandling af medarbejdere, hvorefter kunderne alligevel køber gennem Amazon, fordi … Det belejlige og komfortable har altid været etikkens store udfordring.

For det sjette har al opmærksomheden omkring Qatar gjort det tvivlsomt, hvorvidt landet overhovedet er lykkedes med at renvaske deres image. I dag er der mange flere, der ved, hvor uacceptabelt kvinder, homoseksuelle og immigranter behandles dér. Samtidig – det må tiden vise – hvorvidt øget opmærksomhed rent faktisk ændrer noget; eller hvorvidt vores opmærksomhed blot springer fra den ene populære sag til den anden, uden noget for alvor ændres.

For det syvende, er de fleste mennesker slet ikke særlig selvstændige og ansvarlige, idet de tilsyneladende har behov for at fodboldspillere skal agere moralske forbilleder. Fodboldspillere kan sagtens være rollemodeller, når det drejer sig om fodbold, men hvorfor skulle de være rollemodeller, når det drejer sig om, hvad moralskdannelse og et godt liv er? Det er vigtigt ikke at forveksle dem, der har indflydelse med dem, der burde have det.

​Jeg skal selv​ se fodbold på grund af spillet, spillerne og trænerne. Det sker uden forbehold, idet jeg ikke er overbevist om – rent etisk – hvorvidt det har nogen som helst betydning, hvis jeg undlader at se fodbold.

Derimod håber jeg, at ’sagen’ får betydning, så listen over dårlige beslutninger ikke fortsætter. Om det sker, altså at andre mere etisk orienterede mennesker kommer til magten i de styrende organer, hvorved mellemmenneskelig respekt og værdighed favoriseres, er tvivlsomt.

Min tvivl skyldes ikke blot fodbolden, men i højere grad at samfundet er etisk sygt. Kuren er ikke moralisme, men snarere at overkomme samtidens fravær af etiske handlinger. At slukke for mit fjernsyn er ikke en etisk handling, blot ren og skær symbolisme.

Måske skulle den næste værtsnation gøre sig fortjent til værtskabet, ikke ved at vinde mesterskabet, som i Melodigrandprix, men ud fra nogle etiske kriterier, hvis efterlevelse skal kunne verificeres. Den mest etisk mønsteragtige nation tildeles værtskabet, og kan denne nation ikke selv stå for organiseringen heraf, bidrager de andre fodboldnationer med finansieringen og andre ressourcer. Alle indtægter og udgifter deles mellem nationerne, hvorved penge vil have en mindre chance for at tilsidesætte etikken.

Fodbolden – og andre sportsdiscipliner – bør aldrig blive et middel, men et mål i sig selv.

Bragt i Politiken, 15. november

In Time, On Time, All the Time

“What’s important in your life, and why is it important?” I said, as
my father folded a pillow on the sofa, laid his head on it and drew his
final breath.

On the Monday morning that my father died, somewhere in Denmark,
I was teaching an online university class, somewhere in Spain. Afterwards,
I lay down on my bed, drained of energy. I closed my eyes and checked
my breathing. It was agitated. My heart was beating too fast. Then it didn’t
beat at all. It was as if my heartbeat depended on my will. On whether I
wanted it to beat. Or not.

Read the rest of the essay in the Wilderness House Literary Review

Foredrag

Jeg er blevet inviteret til at holde et foredrag på Københavns universitet. Jeg accepterede.

Fordraget har jeg givet det titlen “Opmærksomhedens filosofi – en dialog mellem frihed og kærlighed.”

Det finder sted tirsdag den 27. september fra klokken 16-17.30 (se mere nedenfor). Alle er velkomne og det er gratis.

Oplægget er følgende:

”Jeg tror på lidelsens værdi, så længe den enkelte gør sig enhver (legitim) anstrengelse for at slippe af med den.” – Simone Weil.

Der er især to filosoffer, der har beskæftiget sig indgående med begrebet opmærksomhed, som også kan have stor betydning i coaching og andre dialogformer. Den ene er den franske Simone Weil, den anden den engelske Iris Murdoch. Fælles for begge gælder, at de forstår opmærksomhed som en handling, der tilsidesætter vores ego. Opmærksomhed er forbundet med evnen til at tilegne sig eller indoptage livets dybder. Iris Murdoch siger meget passende, at: ”Opmærksomhed belønnes med en erkendelse af virkeligheden.”

I foredraget vil Finn Janning vise, hvordan eksistentielle lidelser er forbundet med at leve uopmærksomt. Eksistentielle lidelser bunder i en manglende frihed, som umuliggør kærligheden. Opmærksomhed er med andre ord forudsætningen for at blive fri, og friheden er kærlighedens element.

Finn vil med eksempler fra sportens verden vise, hvordan en opmærksom og problematiserende tilgang til livet kan fremme bæredygtige beslutninger, der er frigørende. Opmærksomhedens filosofi er en eksistentiel praksis, hvor det drejer sig om at involvere sig i den løbende dialog mellem frihed og kærlighed, hvorved menneskets evne til at elske og leve frit perspektiveres og nuanceres. 

Når denne dialog lykkes, vækkes en umiddelbar livslyst og glæde.

Forelæsningen finder sted i Karnapsalen, Institut for Idræt og Ernæring, Nørre Allé 53, 2200 København N. Klokken 16-17.30

Tilmelding Deltagelse er gratis, men tilmelding er nødvendig. Tilmelding sker ved udfyldelse af denne formular.

Ja, vi bør glemme …

Det er på tide, at det enkelte menneske glemmer alle guruerne for derved at se sin egen virkelighed, se sit eget liv, skabe sin egen historie.

Sådan åbner jeg en kronik, der bl.a. handler om psykologen Svend Brinkmann, lidt om Freud, en anelse mere om Deleuze og om at handle således, at du kan gentage dine handlinger.

Læs kronikken her.

Uden frihed er der ingen kærlighed

“Dét, der gør et liv værd at leve, er kærligheden, fordi den er meningsskabende. Men kærlighed kan kun eksistere, hvis der er frihed, hvorfor kun frie mennesker kan elske. Ufrie mennesker bilder sig selv ind, at de slår, undertrykker eller dræber af kærlighed, selvom de reelt blot er voldelige. De, der har følt sig truet af Salman Rushdies ord har aldrig været frie, de har aldrig elsket,” skriver forfatter ph.d. i filosofi, Finn Janning.

Læs resten af kronikken her.

Sport & What Makes a Life Worth Living

Sport is a fertile field for talking about what makes a life worth living.

For example, is a meaningful life also a valuable life? Or is it not rather that a meaningful life presupposes a distinction between more or less valuable ways of spending one’s time?

In his book This Life, the philosopher Martin Hägglund argues that the only thing we humans really have at our disposal is time. Our use of it gives rise to meaning. Those who spend a lot of time on sports, either as athletes, fans, or in connection with work, will no doubt find an abundance of different things meaningful in this regard. But often, people with no interest in sports will think or say that these “crazy sports people” are wasting their time, meaning, they are wasting their lives.

However, I believe that they overlook the fact that a good life is not so much about meaning as it is about value. There is not necessarily a normative element associated with something meaningful. Opinions depend on the desires of the individual, while the normative element is associated with what is valuable.

It is clear that there can be a coincidence between something meaningful and something valuable, but existentially, it is not about living meaningfully versus meaninglessly. Meaningful activities require some degree of autonomy, self-expression, and purpose, but such activities are not necessarily compassionate, generous, or loving.

Meaning is created. For example, by being a part of something, or establishing a relationship with something, meaning arises for the individual in regard to that. And the meaningful becomes valuable in itself is when that from which the meaning and value arises is not the egoistic self, i.e. “me”. A life gains meaning and value by connecting with others or something other than oneself.

I think a lot of people look to sports because they want to be a part of something meaningful, whether it is togetherness, joy, commitment, self-expression, competition, playfulness, etc. This search is both commendable and understandable, as it sometimes gives the individual insight into what really gives life value, that is, what makes life worth living.

In the world of sports, it is rarely the rigid division between winners and losers that is crucial, but the joy of being involved —as a player, fan, or researcher.

In addition, sports also cultivate our capacity to pay attention. For example, this can happen when a cyclist has to be vigilant so as not to crash, or when football fans are so deeply engrossed in a match, with such intensity and passion, that what happens to the players almost happens to them, too. Often, there is an immediate empathic response to the athletes’ suffering and joy—a recent example is when the Danish football player Cristian Eriksen suffered a cardiac arrest and 9 months later, returned.

What makes sport not only meaningful, but valuable is the fact that a game can never be played without the participation of others. We learn what is valuable from being a part of something bigger, than ourselves.

Finn Janning, PhD, is a philosopher who teaches in Sport Ethics, Sport Psychology and Sport Coaching at Geneva Business School and UIBS in Barcelona, Spain.

First published in The Sport Digest.

Love holds the potential for political change

“Loving people is the only thing worth living for.” – Søren Kierkegaard

I believe that all kinds of discrimination, hate and suffering can only be destroyed by love.

In her book All About Love: New Visions, the philosopher Bell Hooks (or, as she prefers, bell hooks) defines love as the will to extend or expand oneself for the purpose of allowing the spiritual self to flourish—including the selves of others. According to the existential philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, love is edifying. Love is a verb; it does something. But that is not all! In a letter to his then-fiancée Regine Olsen, Kierkegaard wrote, “Freedom is the element of love.”

Love requires freedom. Or only free people can love.

I propose an understanding of freedom as being with friends. Freedom is the manifestation of a complete or meaningful relationship. Every relationship always assumes something that is not oneself. Love cannot therefore be reduced to self—love is, rather, an external force that arouses joy.

Seen in this light, I believe that a will to love—fundamentally—tries to overcome the devastating sadness that comes in the face of exploitation, discrimination, abuse of power, violence and death.

Works of Love, Kierkegaard argues that only love is edifying.Not anger. In connection with the religious injunction to love your neighbour as yourself, he emphasizes that the term neighbour does  not refer to your race, your gender or your nation, but all people. Anyone, he writes. All people should be loved as equals (not necessarily loved equally).

That is, treated equally. Treated with the same respect and rights.

With Kierkegaard’s call to love all human beings as equals, he turns love into a political concept that destroys the damning group identity politics of the time. Love possesses such a liberating potential. It confirms the wisdom of Hannah Arendt, when she said that evil is the result of our thoughtlessness, our reluctance to think well and thoroughly.

Mindlessness is associated with a lack of attention, an inability to love.

Love is the vitality with which all critical thinking begins. It’s like a friendly bond that can make you and me wiser. That which is part of life in all its complexity: everything that breathes, shits and dies.

Love can only flourish when we—all of us—recognize that none of us own life, but rather, that it is on loan. It is the manifold powers of life that we cherish, not our ego, race or territory.

Love holds the potential for political change. It happens when all people are loved, as equals.

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